Bilingual Language Within The United States And Its Effect...

The increase of immigration in the United States and the influence the Hispanic population on language and traditions are immense. There has been debate for and against English-only language or bilingualism. The issue with language goes beyond immigration issue. The reality is that language discrimination in the work place or even in society have affected the dominant and minority group. In addition, the influence on the cultural traditions and celebrations have impacted both groups in several ways. The issue of language and cultural traditions have created controversy for the usage of English only language or the usage of bilingual language in the United States. The argument of the pro side of bilingualism (English-Spanish) is that society can expand their knowledge and develop better communication skills with other groups that reside in this country. Moreover, living in a globalized world, will help our society to develop relations and create contacts thorough the world. The benefi ts of speaking two languages also benefit the individual’s economy. Speaking two languages makes an individual a better qualified candidate for a job position and the economy also increase by a significant amount in comparison to English-only speaking individuals. According to the author â€Å"They argued that the research of the impact of English-only initiatives showed that the result in negative consequences for psychological development, intergroup relations, academic achievement, and healthShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Struggle Towards a Democratic Nation2622 Words   |  11 Pagesthe U.S. a specific form of imperialism is in full effect but is less noticeable than the normative physical imperialism. Linguistic imperialism occurs when a dominant group imposes their language on another, and within the United States this imperialism has been occurring through English. English is the language set up by the American society to be the dominant official language. America is supposed to be the melting pot of different languages and cultures but there is a specific connection betweenRead MoreImmigrants From Latin America s Annexation Of Mexico Essay1544 Words   |  7 Pages Historically, Latinos have struggled against ethnic labeling, immigration as well challenges surrounding education. This can traced back to mid-19th century when according to Harvest of Empire America’s annexation of Mexico which gave the United States Texas, California, and the southwest. â€Å"Mexico’s territory was cut by half and its mineral resources by three-quarters. These appalling numbers help explain so much. In fact, you can arguably lay Mexico’s poverty and loss through emigration rightRead MoreWhy Should People Nowadays See Languages As A Big Prize?1309 Words   |  6 Pagesnowadays see languages as a big prize? A person speaks more languages have more opportunities are skewed to him because he benefits the profit comparing to a person who spea ks only one standard language. It is time for globalization and its effects on children for speaking other languages as a must. In two articles â€Å"Aria: A Memoir of a Bilingual Childhood† by Richard Rodriguez and â€Å"Whose Voice Is It Anyway?† by Victor Villanueva, the two authors both expressed their opinions on native language and howRead More Bilingual Education in Public Schools Essay3737 Words   |  15 PagesBilingual Education in Public Schools For the past thirty years in the State of California, bilingual education has been undertaken by all the public schools of the state. Under such system, children of non-American ethnic have had a special treatment in their early academic career. Children of minority groups have been thought various subjects in their native tongues. Such subjects are Math, History and some Science classes. The bilingual program presented the student a scholastic curriculumRead MoreSampling Case Study1737 Words   |  7 PagesSampling Case Studies Case Study 1 on Sampling Sampling Hispanic Adults by Telephone1 Problem: Researchers wanted to determine how aware adult Hispanics in the San Francisco area are of product warning messages and signs concerning cigarettes, alcoholic beverages, and other consumer products. The researchers needed to contact a sample of them to interview. A Solution: â€Å"Respondents were sampled using†¦random digit dialing. This procedure†¦avoids the use of directories with their inherent problemRead MoreDual Language4991 Words   |  20 PagesDual Language Guadalupe Silva Lakeland College Table of Contents Abstract 2 Features of Dual Language Education Programs 4 Assessment and Accountability 6 Curriculum 6 Instruction 7 Staff Quality 10 Professional Development 12 Program Structure 14 Family and Community 16 Support and Resources 17 Conclusion 18 References 20 Abstract What is Dual language? Dual language is a form of bilingualRead MoreCultural Competence And Health Promotion, Disease Prevention And Other Healthcare Interventions1862 Words   |  8 Pagesdemographic shifts in the United States alone, as it is rapidly growing and increasingly becoming more diverse. In 2006, about one in three Americans was a minority (U.S. Census Bureau, 2007) and Hispanics have surpassed African Americans as the largest minority group, comprising 15% of the population. The demographic shifts are changing so rapidly that the U.S. Census Bureau predicts that by 2042, no single ethnic group will comprise the majority percentage of the population. In turn, this would makeRead MoreLatino History and Culture6732 Words   |  27 Pagestheir origins their main region is now the Americas, both North and South and it is expected that the Latino population in the United States will increase by 40% in the next ten years (US Census 2010). Their culture and society is s teeped in tradition and understanding and appreciating their culture is imperative for any person working in the social services field. Latino Traditions and Culture The Latino culture contains many diverse sub-cultures, however there is a common theme and religionRead MoreEssay on Cultural Competency and Health Disparities2415 Words   |  10 Pages The United States’ population is currently rising exponentially and with growth comes demographic shifts. Some of the demographics shifts include the population growth of Hispanics, increase in senior citizens especially minority elderly, increase in number of residents who do not speak English, increase in foreign-born residents, population trends of people from different sexual orientation, and trends of people with disabilities (Perez Luquis, 2009). As a public health practitioner, the onlyRead MoreHigh School Student Essay20272 Words   |  82 Pagesthey also want to have fun and be with their friends. They expect to work but often need encouragement from their teachers. They’re typical kids. Classrooms are changing, however; the population of our schools is becoming increasingly diverse. Students come from different cultures and speak many different languages at home; they possess a range of abilities and talents; and issues involving differences between boys an d girls are receiving increased attention. In this chapter we examine this diversity

The Human Body in Art - 914 Words

In my understanding and opinion, the body in art was the starting point for any king of art form. As some people have said, art may have actually started with the body, such as the decoration of the body shown for example in Zulu when they used to paint their faces with natural colours in order for them to create camouflage and catch and kill their prey. In many ways, art is for the human experience and the experience of being here, the presence, which is shaped with the representation of the human figure. A body can convey class, age, gender and sexuality. The ‘Bamana Twin Figures’ (Mali, 20th Century – Figure 1) is the representation of the Man and the Woman, a very powerful expression of male and female. Even though both their faces are exactly the same, the parts of the body can reveal the discrimination: genitalia, breasts and even hair. The reason why Egyptian art has not changed and looks very similar since 1479 – 1425 BCE up until now is very inten tional; they are trying to maintain their cultural tradition in which argues for stability. The Egyptian pharaoh â€Å"Akhenaten’ (Figure 2) is unusual compared to other Egyptian figures, such as the traditional King, which has broad shoulders and muscular body. ‘Akhenaten’ is a lot softer and that encouraged people to think and believe that the body was portrayed in such way because of some sort of illness or disease, but Egyptian art was all about the concept and not the reality, it was just the idea of how it usedShow MoreRelatedThe Human Body in the Art World1892 Words   |  8 Pageswith the human body. Plastic surgery exists to perfect the flaws people find with their bodies. Make-up exists to disguise imperfections and beautify. Exercise has become less about health and more and more about improving physical appearance. So it is safe to say that nowadays society focuses on beauty and obtaining the ideal, perfect silhouette, but people have focused on the body to the point of obsession almost since the beginning of time. This is known today because the human body has been aRead MoreThe Relationship Between Arts And Growing Scientific Knowledge Of The Human Body1112 Words   |  5 Pagesrelationship between arts and growing scientific knowledge of the human body during this time. I will as well give a brief account of the background of the ancient times by providing specific arts in each period. Lastly, I would prudently explain the use of scientific knowledge in the works of arts. â€Æ' The Relationship between the Arts and the Growing Body of Scientific Knowledge The artist experiment human body closely during the period of Ancients Greece and Rome, and young bodies of human were their mainRead MoreThe Origins Of Behavioral Modernity905 Words   |  4 Pagesthinking, planning, symbolic behavior (e.g. art and ornamentation), use of stone and blade technologies and many others. The use of abstract thought and symbolic representation is one of the defining characteristics of humans. Creating art is a shared trait among all human populations, and the ubiquity of art translates the value that all human cultures and groups place on the creation of symbolic representation. Earliest archeological findings for hominid art seems to be during the Upper PaleolithicRead MoreArt As A Common Subject Of Visual Art1631 Words   |  7 PagesHuman form for many years has been discussed and always been a common subject of visual art. The earliest known representations of the human body come from Europe and date to between 25,000 and 12,000 years ago. Current attitudes recognize the beauty and artistry in these objects and make the initial categories of classification obsolete. The objects are now all grouped together as ‘Human Form in Art’. They display enormous diversity in materials, techniques, function, beliefs, and notions of beautyRead MoreEssay on The Human Body in Ancient Greek Sculptures1015 Words   |  5 PagesThe Human Body in Ancient Greek Sculptures The primary focus of ancient Greek sculptures was that of the human body. Almost all Greek sculptures are of nude subjects. As the first society to focus on nude subjects, Greek sculptors attempted to depict man in what they believed was the image of the gods and so would come to celebrate the body by striving for verisimilitude or true – likeness (realism and naturalism!).(Riffert) Not only did the Greeks celebrate the human form in their art but alsoRead MoreRelationship Between Art And Art763 Words   |  4 Pagesperiods not only for the art flourishment but also, for the scientific knowledge growth. So, in those periods, the relationship between art and science was so clear and attractive. This essay will discuss the relationship between the arts and the growing body of scientific knowledge during the three major stylistic periods. In addition to explaining how the artists used new scientific knowledge in their work. In the Middle Ages, the church had banned the studying of the human body, and the artists didRead MoreDbq Renaissance Essay847 Words   |  4 Pagesfocused on the philosophy of humanism, which embodied the idea that humans were a significant part of the world. The Renaissance changed man’s view of man through the institutions of literature, astronomy, anatomy, and art. A change in man’s view of man during the Renaissance could be seen through literature. For example, in Hamlet, William Shakespeare wrote, â€Å"in apprehension how like a god!† (Doc B). During the Middle Ages, humans were considered to be sinners, and they were portrayed in a darkRead MoreEssay1254 Words   |  6 Pagesit takes great scrutiny to view individual pieces of this art, some may wonder why Man Ray challenges us with a juxtaposed style. Although it may seem disorienting, he recreates a scene of the woman’s accordion performance by overlapping two photographs to allow viewers to reanalyze the gestures humans make unconsciously. In Radiohead’s Lotus Flower, the dancer suggests that human beings are prone to losing control of their facial and body expressions to music. Fortunately, Giorgio Agamben arguesRead MoreEssay On Body Art1302 Words   |  6 PagesBody Art as Visual Language 1. Body art is any kind of addition to ones appearance for aesthetic purposes. Body art is believed to be beautiful by the beings who wear it. When an individual decides to decorate their body, it becomes a part of their identity. Any unwanted alteration to an individual would not be considered body art. Those could be considered body markings. (Enid Schildkrout 2001:88) 2. A symbol is something that represents a complexity of associated meaning. An aspect of symbolismRead MoreRenaissance Art : The Renaissance Period867 Words   |  4 PagesRenaissance Art The Renaissance time period was home to many new ideas in art. This includes new artists bringing forth ideas that had yet to be discovered and made popular. New themes and types of art were also being brought forward during this period. Numerous artists had to of been present to make Renaissance art the way it is. Some of the world’s most famous artists were working during this time period, including Leonardo da Vinci, and other artists like Sandro Botticelli and Lorenzo Ghiberti

Macbeth scenes analysis Essay Example For Students

Macbeth scenes analysis Essay Act 1 Scene 1 Page 274 Line 12-13: Fair is foul, and foul is fair: / Hover through the fog and filthy air. This quote is interesting to me because it is an oxymoron. Its impossible how fair can be foul when fair is equal or mild and foul is gross and rotten. Its significance is that the witches delight in the confusion of good and bad, beauty and ugliness. Act 1 Scene 2 Page 279 Line 40: So foul and fair a day I have not seen This quote simply means that its one of those days when fog is followed by sunshine, then a thunderstorm, some hail, and more sunshine. In other words nature is acting somewhat strange. Act 1 Scene 3 Page 282 Line 174-175: My dull brain was wrought / With things forgotten Macbeth makes the lying excuse that he was thinking about something so unimportant that he has already forgotten what it was. However, those things are far from forgotten. Act 1 Scene 4 Page 284 Line 13-47: Theres no art / To find the minds construction in the face I chose this quote because I thought it was pretty interesting how Duncan tells us not that you cant tell a book by its cover. From him saying this I compare it to Macbeth. Macbeth may look all innocent on the outside, but in the inside who knows what he has going on in his mind. Act 1 Scene 5 Page 286 Line 18-20: Thou wouldst be great; / Art not without ambition, but without / The illness should attend it Lady Macbeth is like the witches, she also believes that foul is fair. Ambition should be accompanied by illness. Yet she does not believe that Macbeth is really good. Act 2 Scene 1 Page 295 Line 5-6:Theres husbandry in heaven; / Their candles are all out Banquo means that heaven has gone to bed, and has put out its candles the stars for the night. Its significance is that the night stars will never be as bright again because nature will now be in a state of turmoil and confusion. Act 2 Scene 1 Page 296 Line 41-42: Is this a dagger which I see before me, / The handle toward my hand? At this point in time Macbeth thinks he sees a dagger floating in the air and its pointing to Duncans room. In other words Macbeth is hallucinating. Act 2 Scene 1 Page 297 Line 69-70: Whiles I threat, he lives: / Words to the heat of deeds too cold breath gives. While hes saying all these threatening things, King Duncan still lives, and his words havent yet inspired him to actually do the deed. Its interesting to me how talk can delay ones actions. Act 2 Scene 2 Page 300 Line 85-86: My hands are of your colour; but I shame / To wear a heart so white. She means that her hands are red  too, but that she would be ashamed to have a heart as white as Macbeths. It goes to show you how cold hearted Lady Macbeth is. Act 2 Scene 4 Page 309 Line 53-54: Gods benison go with you, and with those/ That would make good of bad, and friends of foes! The old man is giving a blessing to all those who would restore the goodness and bring peace to the troubled land. The old man knows that Scotland is going to end up in one big mess. Act 3 Scene 1 Page 312 Line 3-4: Thou playdst most foully fort. Yet it was said it should not stand in thy posterity. Banquo believes that the witches prophecies are right because it was predicted that the kingship would not remain in Macbeths Family. Act 3 Scene 1 Page 314 Line 64-68: They hailed him father to a line of kings. /Upon my head they placed a fruitless crown/And put a barren scepter in my gripe, /Thence to be wrenched with an unlineal hand, /No son of mine succeeding. Macbeth has came to conclusion if he wants to keep his crown he is going to have to kill Banquo and Fleance. He is trying to work against prophecy, something he never learns not to do. .u187449a02918bd81ea6f78d2a0a0601d , .u187449a02918bd81ea6f78d2a0a0601d .postImageUrl , .u187449a02918bd81ea6f78d2a0a0601d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u187449a02918bd81ea6f78d2a0a0601d , .u187449a02918bd81ea6f78d2a0a0601d:hover , .u187449a02918bd81ea6f78d2a0a0601d:visited , .u187449a02918bd81ea6f78d2a0a0601d:active { border:0!important; } .u187449a02918bd81ea6f78d2a0a0601d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u187449a02918bd81ea6f78d2a0a0601d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u187449a02918bd81ea6f78d2a0a0601d:active , .u187449a02918bd81ea6f78d2a0a0601d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u187449a02918bd81ea6f78d2a0a0601d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u187449a02918bd81ea6f78d2a0a0601d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u187449a02918bd81ea6f78d2a0a0601d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u187449a02918bd81ea6f78d2a0a0601d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u187449a02918bd81ea6f78d2a0a0601d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u187449a02918bd81ea6f78d2a0a0601d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u187449a02918bd81ea6f78d2a0a0601d .u187449a02918bd81ea6f78d2a0a0601d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u187449a02918bd81ea6f78d2a0a0601d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Big Brother - Cartoon Analysis EssayAct 3 Scene 2 Page 319 Line 51: Be innocent of the knowledge Macbeth tells Lady Macbeth to put on a mask. This truly is a reversal of roles. Slowly Macbeth is taking the role of Lady Macbeth. Act 3 Scene 3 Page 320 Line 27: Thou mayst revenge In this scene Banquo is killed and he tells Fleance that he may live to kill the person that killed him. Act 3 Scene 4 Page 326 Line 176: You lack the season of all nature, sleep Macbeth really needs peace, but he cant relax because he feels that his power is threatened. Act 4 Scene 1 Page 337 Line 169-170: ^ÃÆ'†¦the very firstlings of my heart shall be the firstlings of my hand. Macbeth will now act immediately now on his impulses and will do whatever it takes to keep his crown. He decides that he will surprise the family of Macduff and destroy his family, thus removing the threat that Macduff represents. Act 4 Scene 2 Page 338 Line 5-6: When our actions do not, our fears do make us traitors. Lady Macduff is worried about what other people might say about her husband because he fled the country. Shes scared that their reputation will be destroyed. Act 4 Scene 2 Page 340 Line 97: Young fry of treachery The murderer calls Macduff a traitor, and the son calls him a liar. The murderer calls him a stabs him. It shows how evil the murders can be. They will kill anything for the money they get. You can tell how heartless they are Act 4 Scene 3 Page 342 Line 19-20: To offer up a weak,  poor, innocent lamb. T appease an angry god Macduff may betray the weak Malcolm, offering him as a sacrifice. Act 4 Scene 3 Page 346 Line 184-185: Good God betimes remove. The means that make us strangers! This is a plea to God from Malcolm. He wants God to remove the devil that sits at the head of Scotland. Act 5 Scene 1 Page 352 Line 37-39: Yet who would have thought/the old man to have so much blood in him? Lady Macbeth didnt know that Duncans death would bother her so much. She feels that her hands are now permanently tainted with her evil acts. This shows an even further reversal of the roles between Lady Macbeth and Macbeth. Act 5 Scene 2 Page 354 Line 3-5: ^ÃÆ'†¦for their dear causes would to the bleeding and the grim alarm excite the mortified man. Any man would respond to their call for help, while they take on Macbeth. Act 5 Scene 4 Page 358 Lines 1-2: Cousins, I hope the days are near at hand/That chambers will be safe The nobles wont have to worry about being killed in their beds like Duncan was. His speech is basically a pep rally to motivate the nobles and soldiers. Act 5 Scene 7 Page 362 Line1: They have tied me to a stake; I cannot fly^ÃÆ'†¦ He probably would want things to go back to how they were before the murder. Back then, everyone and everything didnt di sturb him. Act 5 Scene 7 Page 362 Lines 22-23: If thou best slain and with no stroke of mine, /My wife and childrens ghosts will haunt me still. Macduff cant rest until he gets revenge on the killer of his family, something Malcolm and Fleance didnt say or couldnt do.

Illegal Slave Trade in Mauritius free essay sample

When the British conquered Mauritius in 1810, slave import was effectively banned and the slave market turned into a local one, until the abolition of slavery in 1835. In his book The Slave Legacy, Jacques David notes that: One main issue was owing to set the island on fire once more: in England, the Government voted the Slave Abolition Act in 181 0 and the Slave Trade Felony Act was registered in Mauritius in 1813. Therefore, it would be during the governance of Sir Robert Townsend Fraught that Mauritius would start witnessing the persistence of Illegal Slave Trade. By 1826, Fraught was reprimanded in the court of justice for never prosecuting the slave traders.The main reasons behind this persistence of slave trade may be because of: Parquets leniency, the corrupted officials, lack of labor force, the quest for development, the French laws, etc. All these will be emphasized in the following paragraphs * Background To The Slave Trade Act In England, public feelings against slavery and slave owners were being roused through the intervention of humanitarians in the British Parliament. We will write a custom essay sample on Illegal Slave Trade in Mauritius or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Deckhand Napalm notes that: In 1 787, leaders of anti-slavery movement among whom were Granville Sharp and Wildflower, pleaded in bold terms for the good treatment of the slaves class instead of exploiting them as if they were senseless creatures. In 1 806, Granville made a passionate speech where he argued that the trade was contrary to the principles of justice, immunity and sound policy, and criticized fellow members for not having abolished the trade long ago. When the vote was taken, the Abolition of the Slave Trade bill was passed in the House of Lords by 41 votes to 20. In the House of Commons, it was carried by 114 to 15 and it became law on the 25th of March 1807. British captains who were caught continuing the trade were fined El 00 for every slave found on board. This law, however, did not stop the British slave trade. If slave ships were in danger of being captured by the British navy, captains often reduced the fines they had to pay by ordering the laves to be thrown into the sea.Consequently, when Fraught became governor of Mauritius in 181 0, he was unwilling to enforce the Abolition Act of 1807 and made enquiries at the Colonial office whether this Act, as well as the Penal Act of 1811 was to be applied on Mauritius. Deckhand Napalm writes that: Fraught was of opinion that the laws could not be applied to Mauritius because it was a British Colony only since the last month of 181 0, conquered long after the abolition act. * Sir Robert Townsend Fraught Sir Robert Townsend Fraught was born on the 14th of October 1 776 in England. He was appointed governor of Mauritius after the conquest and capitulation of Ill De France from the French on the 3rd of December 1810.This conquest brought about an end to the ninety years of the French administration on the Island. Ill De France was renamed Mauritiu s and it was formally given to Britain at the treaty of Paris in 1815. The British guaranteed the inhabitants their customs, their laws, language and religion. Deckhand Napalm notes that: When Fraught took the Government of the newly conquered island, the slave population rose to 60,000 out of a total population of 80,500. It was quite an excessive number and nearly three quarters of the population of the island. * Problem: Which Law To Follow? There was, however, a problem on the question of trade. The French and the British laws differed equally.Then which law was to be applied to the Island if the existing French law said one thing and the British colonial said something different? The French followed The Slave Code which was a French Colonial Law, but the British had already abolished slave trade in its colonies by the year 1810. Deckhand Napalm notes that: On the arrival of the English, the French colonists considered the slaves to be their property by right of possession, being unwilling to tolerate the interference of the British Government. Hence the first British Governor of Mauritius had the difficult task of governing the island during the transition period of the take over and the adaptation of the inhabitants in the new regime. Slavery, as we can see here, was indispensable for the colony to survive. By that time, all British colonies had to strictly not indulge in slave trade. Sir Robert Fraught will thus make an appeal to the Earl of Liverpool in the following words: Slavery s known throughout the world, and forms a special head of law even in some of the British colonies in the East Indies; and it is impossible to conceive how some of those establishments could be upheld without it. .. Thus according to Fraught, if theres no slavery, there would be no colony, and labor force is important for a colony to progress. Above all, paid labor is very expensive.So, Fraught was in favor of this trade and pleaded the British Government to grant his colony permission to continue with it. Liverpool, however, warned Fraught on strong tones that he had to strictly abide by the laws eased at the British Parliament with the approval of His Majesty. Liverpool maintained that these laws concerning the slave trade were based on principles. These principles were from religious men who argued that slavery was a sin against God. He warned Fraught in the following words: l am inclined to hope that you will not have suffered any slaves to be imported into the islands under your government, until you shall have received the necessary explanation upon the subject from home. * Various Challenges Fraught Faced During the same period, we would notice that Sir Robert Fraught was entrusted with the most delicate task as a governor. He was required to establish British rule in a colony which was previously a French one. He had also the duty to convince Mauritania of French origin to accept the new regime without hostility and to please them at the same time. These were two difficult challenges Fraught had to face up with. Miniaturization Farm writes Of him as follows: Being an administrator, he tried and succeeded to get his work done in a peaceful way. By doing so, he intelligently avoided many problems which could be created and associated with the change of overspent Governor F-regular did almost everything not to upset the French colonists.Jacques David quotes him saying: My opinion is that the maintenance of the British Authority in the colony will materially depend on the coalition of the established inhabitants of the island, and on the degree in which the terms of the capitulation may consult their personal interests, as connected with the security of their property, with the advantageous dispersal of the products of the island and with their safety against insurrection of their slaves. During his administration, Fraught encouraged amerce and allowed Port Louis to operate as a free port. Any ship belonging to any nation could freely enter the harbor. Deckhand Nap writes that Fraught did not pay attention to the navigation laws which he had been asked to enforce. The French merchant ships liked the idea of maintaining their trade and this made them respond positively to the new government.The idea of making the French happy will create greater problem later when General Hall would blame the French and their laws for promoting the cause of Slave Trade on the Island. For the time being, the issue of slave trade is still considered as illegal in Mauritius. Illegal slave trade was not put into force on the Island and Fraught did not stop the importation and entry of the slaves altogether, but he made it difficult for the planters to bring more. Miniaturization Farm writes that Fraught was: Aware of their efforts to continue as before for which reason he did not make any law to punish them. Rather, while being kind and considerate, he also made it difficult by exercising some checks and control. In reply to the Earl of Liverpool, Fraught assured that: l beg leave, in reply, to assure your lordship, that every precaution has been oaken on the part of the government, to prevent the importation of slaves Thus, on one hand, he was able to discourage slave trade, and on the other hand, he did not take severe action against those who were involved in it. This strategy from Fraught was applied so as not to bring about conflict and chaotic situations in the colony as the colonists were themselves in need of labor. Thus, this leniency adopted by Fraught towards this illegal practice acted as incentive for slave traders to be indulged deeply in this trade. Some Cases Of Illegal Slave Trade Caught In The ColonyDespite the fact that Fraught was rather lenient with the slave owners and the slave trade, we can see from the various documents or dispatches that efforts were being done by the Governor to discourage this illegal activity which made its way on the Island. For instance, in the dispatch addressed to the Earl of Liverpool on the 26th of October 1811, Fraught claimed of capturing two vessels which came from Madagascar with 335 slaves, Of which 217 only agreed in description with those for whom permission had been granted; the remaining 1 1 8 therefore appeared to have been embarked or the purpose of being fraudulently introduced into these colonies. Other cases were recorded in 1812. Fraught stated the seizure of 75 blacks from Bourbon who were surreptitiously introduced into the colony as slaves. Also, a certain Mr. John May was recorded to be involved in the unlawful trade of Slavery.Fraught writes to Earl of Liverpool that Mr. May: Afforded a conveyance for one hundred and one slaves on board that vessel, from Madagascar to Bourbon. .. Captain Lynn was also suspected to be involved in such trade from Teammate to Mauritius, but he was later found innocent. Fraught also assured the Earl of Liverpool that necessary measures were being taken to ameliorate the condition of the existing legal slaves in general. * The Slave Trade Felony Act In 1813 When the Secretary of State for colonies learnt about his negligence, Fraught was reprimanded. It was then that the law was registered in Mauritius in 1813 in the name of Slave Trade Felony Act.The British Government passed a number of laws in regard with slave trade, but there was strong opposition from the slave owners. The colonists who were involved in illegal slave trading protested vigorously against it and boycotted he registration of slaves. They had different interests from that of the abolitionists. At the same time, Deckhand Napalm points out that these slave owners: Were afraid that at any time, another law might be passed in the British Parliament, freeing all slaves, which would cause them considerable financial loss. To control slaves, registration was important, but in Mauritius, registration was badly done as sometimes, the planters falsified them. For the first time, slaves would be given a surname along with their name.This registration, by giving a surname to the slaves, helps to combat against slave read. Fraught proved to be too tolerant for the colonists, especially the French ones. Hence illicit slave trade continued and slaves, by then, were being smuggled to Mauritius at night time in small boats, carrying within them, as many as 100 slaves at a time, and above all, in deplorable inhuman conditions. Jacques David further writes that: An Order in Council, voted on 24th September 1 814, requiring the registration of slaves, was published in Mauritius one year later, that is, in 1815. In relation to the British Parliament, if F-regular were to allow slave trade to continue in the colony, the BritishGovernment would not, at any cost, let such situation prevail and London insisted that the registration be made. So, we can see here that the registration of the slaves would prevent the prevailing of cases of illegal slave t rade which was not the case before. Otherwise, the previous situation before the registration system can be said to be one of the reasons for the persistence of this undesirable act. Sir Robert Fraught, however, pressurized by the colonists desire to own slaves, remained negligent about this new act and consequently he was removed from office. He was replaced y General Hall and Jacques David writes: Far from being lenient on this issue, (Hall) tried to apply the law in its stricter terms. This caused uproar.Fraught was recalled and, upon his return, on 5th June 1820, the colonist warmly welcomed him. * The Malagasy Treaty With Radars In 1817 Before he was removed from officer Sir Robert Fraught made treaties with the King of Madagascar in 1817, and later, with the Imam of Muscat in 1822 to prevent their countries from selling slaves to slave traders. This was to show that he was concerned with the abolition of this illegal business. By 181 7, Fraught made a treaty with Radars, the King of Madagascar to stop slave trade. Fraught argued in a dispatch addressed to Earl Bathurst that this treaty was essential to attain the aims and objectives of the British Parliament, which was to abolish slave trade.Initially, Radars refused to accept this treaty as he wanted to sell slaves in order to get guns, weapons and revenue to modernism his country. Fraught, however, managed to persuade him, after many trials, to stop slave trade, and in exchange, he would be given what he wanted, of an estimated amount of 20001 sterling as mention in the Dispatch: The expenses which this government incurs by this treaty may be estimated at about 2,0001 Sterling per annum The funds which I have effected for the discharge Of this subsidy arise from sources of the colonial revenue. .. It was impossible to obtain such a treaty, without giving to Radars that equivalence to power According to some historians, Fraught used this treaty as a pretext to influence Imperial Policy in Madagascar.Also we can deduce that this was a tactic from his part to show the authorities in the British parliament that he was devoted to abolish this unlawful trade of Slavery. Anthony Barker toes that: Parquets whole policy of dealing with Radars, including the promotion of Madagascar mission, was design to divert attention away from Mauritius itself. Nevertheless, Fraught would be reprimanded by the authorities and will thus have to leave the Island at 1817. During his absence from 1 9th of November 181 7, until his return on the 5th of February 1 820, Fraught was replaced by three acting governors. The first governor was the Major General Gage Hall, which would be replaced by Colonel Dillydally, which would again be replaced by Major General Darling. * Corruption Found During The Fraught Era (1810-1822)During the absence of Fraught from Mauritius, the acting governors who replaced him would bring light on some of the illicit dealings and smugglings that took place on the Island. Unlike Fraught, the first Major General, Gage Hall, was a stern man of principles and he did not make use of diplomacy in his dealings with the slave owners, but blamed them op enly for their illicit slave trade. Anthony Barker writes that: In 1818-19 during his (Parquets) absence in Britain, two contemporary governors raised serious doubts about, not only the wisdom and efficiency, but also the honesty of his administration. General Hall reported that the slave trade had attain a daring pitch here.He also acknowledged the fact that this was partly because the executive authority is hampered with all those French and delays of the law, which are calculated to favor that traffic. As we will go through the documents, we would see that Hall repudiated Parquets treaty with Radars, claiming that since it had been signed in 1817, not less than 1700 slaves had been introduced from Madagascar to Mauritius. It was for this reason that Hall brought about new rigorous policies on the Island. He ordered troops to be stationed throughout the Island and fishermen were all prevented from sailing at night to stop the various clandestine landings of slaves.All these created rifts between Hall and the local populations, but the General was determined to stop this trade at any cost. * Corrupted Officials In The Colony General Hall, during his stay on the Island, also denounced many of the officials in the colony. For instance, there was the case of Louis Blanchard, the Civil Commissary, who had beaten a black in Savanna for giving information about major landing of new slaves. He was eventually suspended by Hall. The Chief Justice of Court, George Smith, nearly opposed every act of Halls orders. Anthony Barker quotes Hall saying that: George Smith, as a major accomplice, had done everything possible to parallelize (sic) any efforts or disposition I may take to interrupt this trade, and punish the offenders. Also, Smith had enraged Hall by acquitting three accused slave traders, namely Debugging, Mate and Serrate. Later, Hall included in the list of suspended officials: the Chief Justice, M. Smith, the Grief of the Court; the Procure General, M. Virtue; and the collector of Customs, M. Draper, due to the allure of the Court to deal conveniently with cases of smuggling. Deckhand Nap, however, notes that: In 1818, November, all these officials were restored to their respective posts, while General Hall was recalled to England. According to the Earl of Labeler and General Hall, Fraught was in favor of slavery and did not have the least intention of carrying out the provisions of the slave trade Abolition Act.Deckhand Napalm quotes them saying that: He cared more to make himself acceptable to the French planters than to relieve the sufferings of the downtrodden slaves who toiled and sweated, ragging the heavy carts and loads throughout the country, arduous labor us table only for beasts of burden' * Major General Darling When Hall was recalled to England, Colonel Dillydally acted as governor during this period until the next arrival of the acting Governor, Major General Darling. Dillydally was an easy going man and he did not earn the hostility of the people as Hall before him and Darling after him. Major General Darling, like General Hall, condemned and blamed the planters for their unlawful slave trade. He also wanted to abolish this trade, unlike Fraught. In fact, Anthony Barker notes that: Even before he had officially assumed office, he was writing to the authorities in Britain of the large numbers of unregistered slaves in the Island Darling was to the view that the illegal landing could be avoided only by new controls, both maritime and military, and during his administration on the Island, he was requested by the fishermen to remove Halls restrictions on their nocturnal sailings. But, he proclaimed that: New Negroes, in considerable numbers, have lately been smuggled into the island through the means of the fishermen. Darling deiced that the possessing class was not only against the abolition of slave trade, but they were bent on causing the ruin of those who were in favor of abolition. Anthony Barker argued that: It was, no doubt, easier for temporary governors such as Hall and Darling to challenge this French Plutocracy than it had been for Fraught, who had presided over the uneasy transition from French to British ruleYet there is strong evidence to support Halls implicit, and Edward Beams direct, allegations that Fraught himself, in conjunction with Charles Atelier and other British cronies, had a irrupt personal stake in Mauritius slavery and the clandestine of slave trade. Thus, we can see that Hall and Darling did not share the same opinion with Fraught because they were more based on a humanitarian ground than the governor. They preferred to be on the side of the slaves against the slave owners. Deckhand Napalm notes that: According to Hall and Darling, even the legal authorities favored the illicit slave trade and the slave owners, most Of them having vested interests in slave property. As staunch abolitionists, both Hall and Darling had pitied the deplorable lot of the poor laves who traveled in awful situations and conditions to be sold to slave owners and be mall treated by slave drivers. The loading of slave ship was then under the supervision of an official who was equipped with a heavy club, generally known as the packer. Deckhand Napalm quotes that: According to James Prior, even the ass was exempted from such heavy duties, hence these human beings had to undergo worse treatment than the asses The administration of Hall and Darling in Mauritius were the source of discontent among the colonist and this caused uproar. This was why Fraught was ailed back again to the pleasure of the colonists. Fraught did not accept the allegation made by Hall and Darling in his dealings with the unlawful trade of slavery. Fraught agreed that he did not deny that there had been some cases of slave trading during his administration, but Anthony Barker argues that he was able to point out to memoranda from early in his governorship in which he had stressed the difficulty of strict policing of slave trade if the conquered planter elite were to be reconciled to British rule. He could also point to his own enthusiasm for abolition after 181 5, mistreated publicly by his antislavery treaties with native potentates and privately in correspondence with the most eminent of abolitionists. This led Fraught, shortly, in 1 822, to conclude a treaty with the Grand Imam of Muscat, asking him to stop selling slaves to slave traders. The treaty with the Imam of Muscat was conducted on the 10th Of September 1822. Its aims and objectives were similar to that of the Malagasy treaty with Radars, the King of Ma dagascar, that is, to abolish slave trade. It consisted mainly of 6 statements of requisitions, with an additional one. They have all en replied positively by the Imam who assured that he would do everything possible to help to combat against slave trading in: Zanzibar, and throughout all the dominions and dependencies of the alum of Muscat, on the coasts of Arabia, Africa Also: British cruisers have authority to seize all Arab vessels that may be found laden with slaves to the eastward of the island of Actors, and on to Did Head, being the western extremity of the Gulf of Cymbal; or that may be found carrying slaves to or from Madagascar, or in the seas adjacent Fraught, finding himself in chaotic situations, had to recourse to a treaty to rove that he was for the unlawful trade of slavery and this was maybe why he renewed such a treaty with the Imam of Muscat. Recently, with the accusations of Hall and Darling, his position at the British Parliament is under attack, and consequently weak. This treaty might be a sort kind of help for him if ever he would be accused of helping or involving in slave trading. By this, we can deduce that Fraught was a man of tactic. In 1818, the Duke of Richer informed the British Government that thousands of slaves were illegally introduced in Mauritius.Despite the fact that the authorities were ware of those illegal transactions going on, nothing was being done to stop them as Deckhand Napalm quotes that: Fraught was the favorite of the Regent Prince of England. It was General Hall as well as the Commissary of Police who fed the Anti-Slavery Society with information concerning slaves and slavery in Mauritius. Royal Commission Of Enquiry In 1823 And The Amelioration Policy The members of the Anti-Slavery Society, upon being fed with information that Mauritius was introducing illegal slaves, tried to convince d the British Government to set up a Royal Commission of Enquiry to enquire about the conditions and treatment of the slaves in British colonies. The commission was to throw light on the reality prevailing in the colonies to the advantages of the slaves and to the inconveniences of slave masters. Also, something important to mention is that there has been the Amelioration Policy. The Abolition of slave trade was intended to encourage the masters to improve the conditions of the slaves. The abolitionists led by William Wildflower in Britain argued that slaves died young because of bad living and working condition. The slave masters did not care much about the death of laves because it was easy to import slaves and to replace them with those who died. If the slave masters could not import slaves, thus they would have to see it that their slaves lived longer.Hence, they would have to provide for better living and working conditions Amelioration Policy: Measures Aims I Response and Results I Slave Trade Abolish Force masters to better the conditions of the slaves I Illegal slave trade continued up to 1820 Registration of all slave s in the Island Check the number of slaves introduced illegally I Slave owners falsified the figures Laws making certain practices illegal, for example, logging of women slaves To make conditions of the slaves more humane Measures rarely put into practice Appointment of an English man as Protector of Slaves To look after the welfare of the slaves and to punish masters who broke the laws The Judges, the Magistrates and the lawyers boycotted the Protectors work I The period from 1823 to 1 825 has been called the amelioration period, where attempts have been made to ameliorate the conditions of slaves. However, some argues that the amelioration policy failed as we can see in the documents of the Protector of Slaves that there were numerous cases of laves complaining to them about their conditions. Also, slavery is something that cannot be ameliorated as it is itself a crime against humanity. Amelioration was to prepare the slaves for freedom, but this whole idea to prepare for freedom is wrong, there some argues that the Amelioration concept was totally wrong. The Quest For Development: The Growth Of Sugar Industry According to Jacques David: The reluctance of the colonists to apply the Slave Trade Felony Act of 1813 was due mainly to the fact that the expansion of sugar led to a demand for more slave labor. So, this was another reason which accounted for the rather persistence of illegal slave trade in Mauritius. On sugar estates, the policy was to increase the labor import of slaves employed by the planters and Jacques David continues to write that: . Hirers switched the slave s from one occupation to another whenever the need was felt. The severe shortage Of labor meant that owners who had slaves could hire them for their own profit. The technological change created a demand for more and more labor. Thus, more field and slaves were needed.